Examining Role of Engagement System †Free Samples to Students

Reinventing Strategies Emerging Markets

Question: Talk about the Reinventing Strategies for Emerging Markets. Answer: Presentation The Coca-Cola Company, being a worldwide delicate drink industry pioneer in the market have been in charge of the business for a decent time now. Things have taken movements, and different variables have set in with each having a progression of unforeseen developments. A portion of the known contenders of the organization have since been outcompeted and accordingly, made the adversaries to back and pull back from the business condition. This paper decides to talk about another item that the Coca Cola Company means to give in India, the item being referred to being New Coke. Being that the produt had enlisted an unequaled disappointment, the organization has set up measures like new civilities and techniques so as to make it a triumph. The Coca-Cola Company was set up in 1886. The organization was a brainchild of one Pharmacist by the name of Dr. John Pemberton who at first delivered coke syrup available to be purchased in the beverages. The world is dynamic, seeing changes surrounding us. To see its prosperity throughout the following years, it is significant for the organization to center and shape up its game in an offer to acclimate to the regularly changing situations in the business world. This is about the patterns set by the business network. The crucial the organization is to invigorate the worldwide market, move the snapshots of joy and good faith, and to deliver worth and have the effect among clients. The center vision of the organization serves to depict each part of customers about individuals, accomplices, planet, benefits, and profitability (London,and Hart, 2004, 350-370). The opposition among soda pop makers in India is one of the fiercest known. A portion of the realized customary adversary organizations in the nation included Pepsi and Parle. To endure this, Coca-Cola Company needs to think of top procedures that would make it simpler for the endeavor to have a solidly established methodology that would outfox these organizations (Svensson, 2001, 6-18). One of the methodologies that Coca-Cola Company can embrace while entering another environment(India) with another brand,( New Coke), incorporates the securing of Parle in an offer to exploiting the companys organize and broad client base. This is the choice that can be considered the best for the organization since through this, the organization orders access to more than 2 million retailers in addition to the 60 containers in the undertakings arrange. It stays an amazing require the Coca-Cola Company to utilize procedures that would then win the war of business foundations and make it fruitful (Cavusgil, et al., 2002, 3). It is very helpful for the Coca-Cola Company to utilize the utilization of 4Ps of promoting. These incorporate value, advancement, and spot. This is done in such a way, that the nature of the item (soda pops), as gave to the buyers is in a steady state and cost. This is equipped towards making the brand appealing to the clients. In this way, it will be for the wellbeing of the organization to guarantee that they go through a decent measure of cash in deals and notices in addition to other limited time tasks (Svensson, 2001, 6-18). Coca-Cola is known to be probably the biggest producer, and merchants just as advertisers of non-mixed beverages and Cyprus in the entire world. Coca-Cola Company has its base camp in Atlanta, Georgia. Known for its lead image, the organization is by a wide margin the biggest partnership in the US. In the current day, Coca-Cola has a worldwide nearness and is the unsurpassed perceived drink organization with a scope of plans that are planned for advancing and developing the brand. Most of the soda pops bars, eateries, and large lodgings are coca cola items, on account of the Coca-Cola Company. A portion of the known companys item incorporate Fanta, Oasis, Sprite and PowerAde among others (London,and Hart, 2004, 350-370). The coca cola organization invigorates buyers with near 500 shining brands with around 3,800 selections of refreshments. This move makes the business, one of the universes unmistakable and important brands in the globe. Truly, the arrangement of the organization gloats of near 20 billion dollar marks in the refreshment business. It is essential to take note of that only 18 out of the entire brands accessible are either decreased or no-calorie assortments. With the suffering responsibility of thinking of the procedures of building business networks that are such maintainable, the organization lays accentuation on certain activities that are equipped towards a decrease of ecological impressions. The other significant contemplations incorporate the formation of a sheltered, comprehensive condition for function just as the improvement of financial advancement for the business networks that Coke as an organization works (London,and Hart, 2004, 350-370). District astute development examples of Coke and its opponent brands in India As per the Companys yearly report, it brags of a record deal in more than 312 nations around the world. At the point when an organization like Coca-Cola has settled on a choice to go into new markets, also called abroad markets, there must be a few contemplations that fall into the section of open choices. There are three principle issues of worry that Coca-Cola needs to manage; promoting, sourcing and venture just as control. Promoting respects what nations, what sections, the methods and methods of overseeing just as executing the endeavors of advertising and how to get to the new markets. Be that as it may, a few components will in general hinder such a section procedure by different contemplations. A portion of these passage hindrances or obstructions incorporate go-betweens or direct section with the important data. With respect to sourcing, the organization needs to set up whether the organization acquires the items, either by assembling or through buy. Finally, speculation and control have an inseparable tie to the bearing the organization takes, regardless of whether a joint endeavor, obtaining or worldwide association (London,and Hart, 2004, 350-370). With the perspective on winning another market, it gets essential for any organization of Cokes status to focus on such factors that will in general dissuade section of organizations of such generosity. The hindrances to section for the said organizations regularly will in general forestall the smooth foundation of the said organizations into these new markets. A portion of the normal boundaries incorporate system impacts, control of the constrained assets and the guidelines just as approaches that administer the foundation of the business (Svensson, 2001, 6-18). As indicated by monetary models, absence of any boundaries to passage makes it difficult for any business to gain a dependable and feasible benefit that goes past the expense of capital since the new organizations entering the market gets pulled in to the benefits and will in general go after the benefits burdening them to the capital cost (Foster, 2012, 7). As previously mentioned, a case of a hindrance to passage, for this situation, is a brand. For this situation, the best application would be a carbonated drink. In light of this, it becomes evident that it takes billions of dollars in addition to the numerous years taken to produce and have the brand fabricated. As to, note that the organization needs to burn through millions just as years to have its own RD or even a permit for the equivalent. With the moderate pattern of advancement and development in created markets, Coca-Cola is set to search for new and developing markets in India for development and extension. The organization anticipates significantly increasing its business and foundation in India through the span of five years while simultaneously anticipating setting up new authority structures in the nation (India) (Foster, 2012, 7). Coke has set up another participant technique and all things considered, restored the attention on such plots as semi-urban just as provincial markets in the nation. Qualities Development of carbonated sodas scheduled at between 10-15% The evaluated PCC scheduled to increment to between 6-8 glass bottles Shortcomings More fragile framework esp. refrigeration Little retailer base, and less self-space Huge custom as well as extract obligation that is near 40% that have since been enrolled to descend extensively. High import paces of jars Issues of purging containers Openings An expansion in the rustic market about middle rivalry Modest PCC in the new market contrasted with the ones in neighboring nations. Ascend in discretionary cashflow The dynamic buyer slants because of satellite TV Dangers Political vulnerabilities Pepsi and Coke contention. The objective markets-country setting The drinking of soda pops in India is prevalently gathered in the urban territories. The information from the examination led in the business propose that buyers in the urban communities spend the better piece of their time at a solace that is multiple times that of their partners in the provincial territories. Regardless, Coca-Cola Company has had another center that is basically focused at the provincial markets in India and as such offers in the conviction that there is an incredible open door that includes heaps of development potential in the objective markets. In India, Coke is laying center around an unassuming community like Agra, Lucknow, and Bilaspur in addition to other little markets in the rustic setting in India (Shama, 1995, 90-109). Preparing of unassuming communities Probably the best methodologies that Coke as an organization has embraced includes preparing of little retailers that are near 6000 in number in the nation. This is done through a program that was propelled by a similar University set up by the organization. The program is known as the parivartan, which means change. Under this program, the retailers are instructed on available resources of loading and showing their items (Shama, 1995, 90-109). This program is planned for furnishing the conventional retailers with the essential aptitudes, strategies, and devices that are important to the achievement of the business in such a continually changing business situation. Under the program, the organizations are intended to

Good Argumentative Essay Topics For the Next Presidential Election

Good Argumentative Essay Topics For the Next Presidential ElectionIn this article, I will be discussing some good argumentative essay topics for 2020. Many essay topics will be best left to your imagination. It is not enough to think of these essay topics because they must be based on specific topics.One valid point to make is that we live in a day and age where there are so many valid points to be made. You do not need to copy someone else's argument and write your own. You can also do the opposite. Write an essay on your own that speaks highly of their arguments.The second best way to go about writing a paper is to write what you know. Just by being up-to-date on current events, new developments, and similar subjects, you will be able to bring forth your own unique viewpoint to your reader. If you are not sure how to go about doing this, you should look at some other people's work.Although you might be alluding to some of these ideas in your articles and research papers, it is stil l important to remember that our society is quite different from one's youth. Today's youth will probably read your article or research paper on the subject of your essay and become intrigued and interested in the topic.Finally, you must always consider the potential audience for your essay. You cannot attempt to write about a topic for a smaller audience. You might be ridiculed and laughed at for attempting to do this.You must instead focus on the audience who will read your work. The best argumentative essay topics can be used to get past a certain point. They can be used to get past the point of being controversial and have readers wanting more.So, are there any good argumentative essay topics for the next presidential election? Well, the main candidates will likely be Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton and Republican candidate Donald Trump. Therefore, it may be a good idea to discuss an analysis of Clinton and her policies while focusing on the rhetoric of Trump.While the publ ic opinion may be divided on whether they prefer Clinton or Trump as president, one thing is for certain. The nation is weary of both candidates and would like to hear what they have to say about. Therefore, if you choose to write about them, the American people will be most likely come to your conclusion that you are right.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Children Essay - 863 Words

It should be noted that this treatment plan was generated after five individual sessions with Walter and may need to be amended in the future. The majority of Walter’s treatment goals, supervision guidelines, and treatment discharge criteria remain the same and as he progresses in treatment changes will be made to reflect his current status. Dates and Types of Services: Walter is scheduled to attend weekly therapy appointments for 45-55 minutes in duration. Prior to sessions, staff will communicate any pertinent issues that arose during the week that need addressing in his session (noted under â€Å"behavior data† section in his treatment notebook). Pertinent issues will be addressed first then skills training relevant to his healthy living plan, social skills, independent living, and relapse prevention of sexual offense behavior will follow. Therapy will consist of success oriented cognitive behavioral therapy. Other techniques that will be employed include strategies to control aggression, manage sexual behaviors responsibly, general skill rehearsal, role modeling, and interventions for safety. Background/HX: Walter entered the Ambitions Community Protection Program in August 1996. He has been diagnosed with Mild Mental Retardation. He has spent the majority of his life in residential care: Source Child Center 1986-1988, Toutle River Boys Ranch 1990-1991, Community Residential Crisis Center 1991, and RTS 1991-1996. Walter was adjudicated of Indecent Liberties in 1991 forShow MoreRelated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children1767 Words   |  8 Pagesseveral therapeutic methods to treat children with PTSD increases the argument among clinicians about the most effective treatment for PTSD. The clinical literature describes a wide variety of interventions besides CBT including, psychoanalytic techniques, creative arts, play therapy, crisis intervention, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and pharmacotherapy; which raises the question about what could be the most effective treatment for children with PTSD (Cohen, Mannarino Roga l 2001)Read MoreTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MoreIntensive Individual And Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay906 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Intensive Individual and Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder This article highlights the experience of a 46 year old woman with obsessive compulsive disorder, and how adding cognitive behavioral therapy to her treatment benefits her. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder which affects approximately 2 to 3 percent of the population (Salkovskis, 2007) (Taylor Reeder, 2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy is a method of treatment recommended by theRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1447 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Djiedjorm Doe (Dede) Middlesex Community College Cognitive behavioral therapy, commonly known as CBT, is a systematic process by which we learn to change our negative thought into more positive ones. CBT is a combination of two types of therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. cognition is our thought, so cognitive behavioral therapy combines working with our thought process and changing our behavior at the same time. Cognitive behavioral therapistsRead MoreThe Area And Behavioral Assessment And / Or Treatment1142 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of the area and behavioral assessment and/or treatment. In the classroom many different anxieties are present whether educators know it or see it. It is not something a child might share but their actions speak larger than words. There are three main anxieties that are present in the classroom,There are three main anxieties that are present in the classroom, these include separation anxiety: When children are scared to be alone .Social anxiety: When children are scared and nervous ofRead MoreWhat Constitutes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?846 Words   |  4 PagesConstitutes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? By Gail Kirkpatrick | Submitted On November 09, 2010 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Gail Kirkpatrick Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychotherapeuticRead MoreAnalysis Of Vargas Family Case Study Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesbased models discussed below are behavior therapy (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) and parent training behavior management. Evidence-based Models†¦ a) Behavioral Therapy Model Overview ï‚ ´ This models represents a set of clinical processes that rely on psychological research experimental findings. The objectives of treatment are measurable and specific to the particular problems (Grant, n.d.). ï‚ ´ This therapy is broadly educational as it teaches clients such as children suffering from Attention Deficit HyperactivityRead MoreAfter Diagnosis, Parental Action, And Acceptance By The927 Words   |  4 Pagestreatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most efficient treatment for OCD. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches a child different way to behave. There is scientific evidence that this form of therapy causes chemical reactions in the brain. A person who uses this therapy will undergo chemical changes in the brain and feel relief from their symptoms of OCD (Schwartz 1996). A child with OCD needs to understand that they get recurring thoughts and need to learn how to stop it. Cognitive behavioral therapyRead MoreCognitive Interventions Paper1368 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Interventions Paper Models of Effective Helping-BSHS 311 Victoria Dominguez December 04, 2011 Professor James Bell Cognitive Intervention The only thing that tells everyone apart from everyone else is each person’s genetic make-up. And there is only one exception and that would identical twins, because no two people are the same. This can be said true about the way we all think. There is no one person that thinks the same as the next person. People believe that we are all born innocentRead MoreThe Effects Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy On Improving Anxiety Symptoms, Behavioral Problems And Parenting Stress1475 Words   |  6 Pages Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Improving Anxiety Symptoms, Behavioral Problems and Parenting Stress in Taiwanese Children with Anxiety Disorders and Their Mothers This study sought to explore whether or not individual cognitive behavioral therapy showed any improvements in Taiwanese children who were diagnosed with anxiety. Furthermore, to indicate if cognitive behavioral therapy improved their symptoms, helped with any behavioral issues, and aided to alleviate any parental stress felt

Communication as a Cross-Cultural Challenge for...

COMMUNICATION AS A CROSS- ­Ã¢â‚¬ CULTURAL CHALLENGE FOR INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF GINA TRICOT Paper within: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Authors: Tutor: Frida Mordenfeld Sandra Johansson Pamela Hinojosa Giron Zehra Sayed 881201- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 5520 890304- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 5543 900910- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 1560 Jà ¶nkà ¶ping The 18th of May 2012 0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The known quote: â€Å"Coming together is a beginning; keeping†¦show more content†¦We base our conclusions on the notion that as human behaviours is dynamic and highly unpredictable, so is also culture and therefore even communication. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.2 BACKGROUND 1.2.1 CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1.2.2 CULTURE 1.2.3 GLOBALISATION 1.3 GINA TRICOT AS A FAST-FASHION CORPORATION 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.5 PURPOSE 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION 1.7 DISPOSITION 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 A MODEL FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS 2.2 COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES 2.2.1 COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2.2.2 AFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2.2.3 BEHAVIOURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2.3 COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT 2.3.1 COMMUNICATION INTERACTION 2.3.2 CULTURAL INTERACTION 2.4 RELATIONAL QUALITY 2.4.1 TRUST AND COMMITMENT 2.4.1 SATISFACTION 2.5 PERFORMANCE EFFECTIVENESS 2.6 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY 3.2 SELECTION OF STUDY DESIGN 3.4 COLLECTION OF DATA 3.5 SELECTION OF DATA 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 17 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 22 23 3 3.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA 4. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 4.1 THE FAST-FASHION CORPORATION GINA TRICOT 4.2 COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES 4.3 COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT 4.4 RELATIONAL QUALITY 5. ANALYSIS 5.1 THE EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE 5.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE 5.1.2 LONG-TERM RELATIONSShow MoreRelatedEssay about Report on Cross-Cultural Management1127 Words   |  5 PagesFuture of Management Principles of Management â€Æ' Table of Contents iii. Executive Summary iv. Introduction iv. The Contemporary Perspective v. Issues and Challenges vii. Recommendations based on Management Perspective vii. Summary viii. Bibliography Executive Summary This paper is a report on cross-cultural management, with the issues related to cross-cultural management being discussed in the paper. Additionally, the report has produced the future way of cross-cultural management, includingRead MoreAnalysis : Managing Across Borders1132 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual that can have major impact on the communication pattern of the strategies (Mazanec et al. 2015). 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Communication is a process with three key elements, which includes a source, an audience, and a channel. Communication derived from businesses will have listeners that include, but are not limited to customers, employees, suppliers, and the community (Caddy et al.). These listeners contribute to the success of a firm, which is why there isRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Strategy Be tween The Roaring Dragon Hotel And Hotel International1016 Words   |  5 Pages Cross-Cultural Communication Strategy: The Roaring Dragon Hotel and Hotel International Prasanna Baganagarapu Sullivan University MGT 510 â€Æ' Executive Summary This proposal is meant to provide a cross-cultural communication strategy between the Roaring Dragon Hotel (RDH), and the Hotel International (HI). RDH is one of the original three-star hotels in southwest China and a state owned enterprise (Grainger, 2008). 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In the cross-border merger, companies combine their assets and liabilities into a new entity, whereas, the cross-border acquisition is a transformation process of assets and liabilities of the local company to foreign company (foreign investors). Cross-border merger and acquisition involve two countries, therefore

The quality question Essay Example For Students

The quality question Essay We live in a moment of extreme ideological confusion. The Soviet Empire and cold war seem to have have ended almost overnight. Like so many social and political spectacles in America now, the Clarence Thomas Anita Hill drama seems to have come and gone without an author, and no one with a radical or conservative label can provide it with an appropriate script. Magic Johnson, a globally revered heterosexual sports hero, has the HIV virus. Clearly many assumptions and categories on which people have been depending to make sense of their lives have crumbled. The degree of our confusion can be felt in our language. In the last couple of years the discussion of culture has been shot through with words like quality, multiculturalism, minorities, ethnicity, Eurocentric, community, margins and mainstream, each one emotionally loaded and intellectually vague. Like all buzzwords, they tend to encourage not curiosity and responsibility but complacency, defensiveness, finger-pointing and rage. When words get in the way of seeing, they must be scrupulously defined or else shelved. We seem to be unable to do either. Does anyone realize the degree to which our words and categories have broken down and how much communal intelligence and will it is going to take to rebuild and reinvent them? While our cultural language can now produce, at least in me, a kind of vertigo or nausea, our art is healthy. No dominant tendency exists and any attempt to fashion the kind of art star that was commonplace five years ago is immediately suspect. This is a good time for abstract painting, for video, for photography, for the kind of sculpture that defines itself within the context of the site for which it is made, and for theatrical thematic installations that combine different media, such as photography, found objects and painting. The art world grows ever more international. New Yorkers can regularly see contemporary art from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Several European countries have been exploring Americas reputation as a culture of cultures. Chicano artists have been shown in France. A broad survey of African-American artists is being planned for Japan. In the United States the achievements of African-American artists have still only begun to be recognized. A recession that is squeezing numerous galleries and museums must not be allowed to stop a process of aesthetic justice that was well underway last season and that is having an increasing impact around the world. This is a good time for the kinds of discussions within artists studios that had been largely absent from the hyped-up, money-laden 80s. In New York, many more artists are talking to one another about art and ideas and the world around them. Many artists are willing and eager to be installed alongside very different artists in group shows. Among artists of all kinds there is a longing for clarity and communication. The need to struggle with the confusion of the moment is apparent in the countless panels organized across America in 1991 to discuss issues like multiculturalism, quality and power. I think these panels have generally been more revealing for their inconclusiveness and stalemates than for their answers. The down side of choosing panelists because of race, gender and sexual preference is that it puts pressure on almost everyone on the panel to represent 21 particular position, which tends not to encourage conversation but to reinforce walls. In short, there is a lot of artistic energy and more honesty among artists than I have seen in a while. But we are also stuck. In the privacy of coffee houses, studios and galleries, there may be real openness and discussion, but in the public arena, we have become a culture of buzzwords and positions, and almost nothing is being engaged. The peer panel process of the Endowment offers one of the few forums where real debate between a variety of positions is not so much encouraged as expected to take place. Compromising this process in an America in which people are consistently being pitted against people would be one more sign of a national failure of vision and nerve. The crisis of the National Endowment for the Arts has caused real damage. In 1989 people throughout the United States were judging the photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano without feeling any responsibility to look at them and think about them first. Columnists had a ball writing derisively about Karen Finley covering herself with chocolate, but which of them actually saw her perform? The feeling that it is acceptable to sit back and judge the creations and behavior of others from a few images or from a few inflammatory remarks in a newspaper is a sign of a provincial nation. Like it or not, the Endowment has become a symbol of our cultural will and ambition as a nation. Dancing with diablo: an international education in collaboration EssayWhen I am dealing with the art of a culture clearly different from my own, what I want to understand most is the experience of that art within its culture in other words what happens to someone in that culture when he or she encounters or lives with that scroll, or mask, or painting, or effigy or mound of sand or earth. Once I feel the depth of response to that art, I will always respect it and its tradition. Does that mean I will automatically see it as the equal of the art I value most? No. But it does mean that the object and its culture will become part of me, that I will begin to try to engage that culture in what I write, and that I will have a better way of measuring the object against others that culture produces. And it means that I will be able to consider the strengths and limits of my ever-changing, ever-elastic, unpossessable culture better. It also means that I might and indeed do either find a cultural comparison totally inappropriate, or consider the object every bit the equal of art I value most. One reason why I think we should stop using the word quality is that in the realm of contemporary art, far more often than not, the word now gets in the way of the recognition of quality. Consider the effect of the words good and bad. If you say a work of art is bad, you usually dismiss it without further thought. If you say to yourself, a work of art is good, you will probably remember it, but the word often functions as a license to turn the page or to go on to the next room. The word good tends to stop the process of feeling and thinking that all good art sets in motion. When you are so worried whether a work upholds the highest standards, you are less likely to recognize what that work has to offer, particularly when its inspiration or message or content is different or difficult. To insist on the word quality is now to insist upon control. Some of the most influential contemporary art challenges a sense of control. It is only through a relinquishment of control that a full experience of any art is possible. One problem with calling a moratorium on the word quality is that it gives the impression that those who do not use the word do not care about good art. The most serious question is this: If we do not use the word quality, is there any way of assuring that the very particular aristocracy of experience that the best art offers an experience that carries within it a recognition of all that human beings are capable of and share will be respected and preserved? I believe this experience can probably only be respected and preserved now if the word quality is put aside. I also believe that right now the weight of responsibility is not so much on the wielders and brandishers of the word as it is on those who resist it. The value of art that has been overlooked or that has not yet been appreciated cannot simply be claimed; it is not enough to write about art offering historical and political analysis and contextual information. All the art that convinces and endures has been written about with knowledge, passion and poetry, and with a built-in responsiveness to respected aesthetic positions either openly hostile to that art or disinclined to take it seriously. When language is equal to the experience of art and the writing has sufficient national outlets, the problem of doing justice to the art in question will resolve itself. Reviving our language, doing justice to good art wherever and whatever it is, and preserving the spiritual vitality and core of art, may amount to the same thing. Michael Brenson delivered these remarks in February to the National Council on the Arts in Washington, D.C. He was an art critic for the New York Times for nine years.

Tutankhamen As A Teacher Essay Example For Students

Tutankhamen As A Teacher Essay Tutankhamen as a TeacherWhat does the tomb of Tutankhamen and its contents show about the Egyptian concern for the afterlife? Tutakhamens tomb, and the artifacts inside are an indication of the concern the Ancient Egyptians held for the after-life of their king. On the 26th of Nov. 1922, the English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the virtually intact tomb of a largely unknown pharaoh, Tutankhamen. This was the first, and the finest royal tomb found in the history of Egyptology. It took almost a decade of meticulous and painstaking work to empty the tomb of Tutankhamen. Around 3500 individual items were recovered. When the Burial Chamber of Tutankhamen was officially opened, on 17 February 1923, the Antechamber had been emptied. It had taken near fifty days to empty the Antechamber; the time required to dismantle and restore the contents of the Burial Chamber including the gilded wooden and the sarcophagus was to be greater, and the work was not completed until November 1930, eigh t years after the original discovery. One must examine both the tomb itself, and its contents, to see the connection between the tombs and burial rituals and the doctrine of eternal life. The royal tombs were not merely homes in the hereafter for the kings, as are the private tombs of commoners and nobility. Instead the tombs are cosmological vehicles of rebirth and deification as much as houses of eternity. As the king is supposed to become Osiris in a far more intimate way than commoners, he is equipped with his very own Underworld. And as the king is supposed to become R? in a way entirely unavailable to commoners, he is equipped with his very own passage of the sun, whether this is thought of as the way through the underworld or through the heavens. Tutankhamons tomb, hurriedly prepared for the premature death of the king at the age of only about 18, is, as Romer says, a hole in the ground, compared to a proper royal tomb. The theme of fours is conspicuous in Egyptian religious practice. Tutankhamons tomb contains four chambers. The burial chamber, with a ritual if not an actual orientation towards the West, is the chamber of departure towards the funeral destinies. The internment of the body certainly is the beginning of the sojourn of the dead, and the Egyptians saw the dead as departing into the West. The room called the Treasury is then interpreted to have a ritual orientation towards the North as the chamber of reconstitution of the body. Since the most conspicuous object in the Treasury was a great gilt sledge holding the shrine containing the canopic chest, which holds the kings, viscera, this could well suggest the problem of reassembling the kings living body. That task, indeed, has a very important place in Egyptian mythology. After the goddess Isis had retrieved her husband Osiriss murdered body from Byblos, their common brother, Seth, the original murderer, stole the body, cut it into pieces, and tossed them in the Nile. Isis then had to retrie ve the parts of the body before Osiris could be restored to life. Her search through the Delta, which is in the North of Egypt, seems to parallel the sacred pilgrimage to cities of the Delta that Desroches-Noblecourt relates as one of ritual acts of the funeral, as many of the other objects in the Treasury seem to be accessories for that pilgrimage. For the sovereign to be reborn it was necessary that a symbolic pilgrimage be made to the holy cities of the delta. The principal halts of the journey corresponded almost exactly to the four cardinal points of the delta where these cities were situated. Sais, to the west, represented the necropolis where the body was buried; Buto to the north, with its famous canal, was an essential stage of the transformations within the aquatic world of the primordial abyss, evoking the water surrounding the unborn child; and Mendes to the east whose name could be written with the two pillars of Osiris, the djed pillars, evoking the concept of air. The re, said the old texts, the gods Shu and Tefenet were reunited, or again, according to the 17th chapter of The Book of the Dead, that was where the souls of Osiris and Re had joined. Finally, the southern-most city which completed the cycle of Heliopolis, the city of the sun, symbolizing the fourth element, fire, where the heavenly body arose in youth glory between the two hills on the horizon. As these four cities parallel the four rooms of the tomb itself, we seem to have a nice series of parallel symbols. If Sais, in the West, was significant for its necropolis, then Sais, like the burial chamber, can represent the departure into the West. Buto itself, the northernmost city, then represents the site of the actual reconstitution of the body. What followed Isiss reassembly of Osiriss body was its revivification. Mendes, in the East, where the sun rises, would then seem to be the locus for that, with the associations, especially with Osiris. In the tomb, the small Annex is then as sociated with this ritual stage, the chamber of rebirth. The ritual pilgrimage then ends at Heliopolis in the South, where the king, having been reborn, reassumes his throne, as Desroches-Noblecourt views the Antechamber of the tomb as the chamber of eternal royalty. Overall, the tomb may be divided into three parts: The Inner Tomb, which means the burial chamber and its side rooms, however elaborate; the Middle Tomb; and the Outer Tomb. In the Outer Tomb, six parts may be distinguished: four passages, the Well, and the optional well room. The four passages originally consisted of two deep stairs and two sloping corridors. The outer stair might not now be considered part of the tomb proper, since it merely led up to the sealed entrance of the tomb; but the Egyptians saw it as already part of the tomb and named it the gods first passage, or the gods first passage of the suns path. All the corridors, indeed, were thought to represent the passage of the sun god R? through the twelve ca verns of the underworld in the hours of the night, prior to his rebirth at dawnthe precedent for the rebirth of the king. Consequently, when decorated, they at first held excerpts from the Amduat, the book of That Which is in the Underworld, or the later Book of Gates. As the emphasis slowly shifted with time from the association with the underworld to an association with R? himself, another work, the Litany of R? made its appearance. The stair of the gods third passage was thus originally a room with the stair in its floor. As the stairs later became ramps, and as the descent of the passages leveled out by the XX Dynasty, the gods third passage was revealed as having a ritual as well as a practical meaning; for the flat spaces of the original room were preserved, even when they had been reduced to no more than long niches in part of the walls of the third passage. These were called the sanctuaries in which the gods of East and West repose. East and West refer to the ritual orientat ion of the passage, East on the Left when facing out of the tomb (as the Egyptians saw it), West on the Right. The fourth passage eventually acquired two niches at the end, called the doorkeepers niches. The Well itself is a feature that has excited considerable interest. The Egyptians called the Well the hall of waiting or hindering. The function of such a room, as symbolic of the whole tomb, provides a ritual locus for rebirth. The Ba soul in earlier representations flies up the shaft of the tomb and out into the world. All that is added in the royal tomb is the kings trip through the underworld, the four entering or, as the Egyptians also saw them, exiting passages. The Hall of Waiting, with or without the well itself or the lower well room, typically shows scenes of the king meeting the godsone of the motifs of the burial chamber in Tutankhamons tomband this is often shown when decoration has not been completed elsewhere in the tomb, as in that of Thutmose IV. This would indicat e some importance to the function of such a part of the tomb. This brings us, through the sealed door, to the Middle Tomb. As the Chariot Hall or Hall of Repelling Rebels, it contains the equipment needed for the king to live an ordinary life and perform his kingly duties once reborn, i.e. actual chariots, beds, clothing, etc. Some have labeled it the chamber of eternal royalty. One might call it the living room of the tomb, the opposite of the burial chamber with its uniquely funereal equipment. It then may be significant that the rest of the tomb is accessed through the stair or ramp dropped from the floor. If the spirit of the king comes up from the crypt, entering the Chariot Hall is like rising into the upper world. It is at that point that we might divide the whole tomb into the Upper Tomb and the Lower Tomb. The Lower Tomb is about death and rebirth; the Upper Tomb is about the new life and access to the world (the Chariot Hall and the Outer Tomb, both the shaft of the Well a nd the outer passages). Significantly, the wall of the Chariot Hall above the passage down (the another gods first passage), often displays an Osiris shrine, which signal an emphasis on Osiris. Once freed of its contents, it became possible to examine the wall paintings in the only decorated room in the entire tomb, the burial chamber. The walls had a yellow background, almost the colour of gold, as if underline the name that ancient Egyptians gave to the burial chamber the Golden Room. The surface of the paintings was in an excellent state of preservation though it was speckled with innumerable tiny circular stains due to the development of colonies of micro-organisms. The decoration quite simple and ordinary in style: the northern wall, seen on entering the room, features Tutankhamen in the centre, wearing the dress of living, holding the sceptre and the ritual mace, before the goddess Nut, depicted in the act of performing the nyny ritual. This central scene is flanked by two ot hers: on the Tutankhamens is shown dressed Osiris in the presence of Pharaoh Ay, his successor. Ay, wearing the costume of the sem-priest and the distinctive skin of a panther, officiates at the rite of the Opening of the Mouth, through which the deceased is revived. Tutankhamen is shown with his head draped in the nemes, and, followed by his ka, standing before Osiris. On the adjacent western wall, are illustrations of passages taken from the Book of Amduat, showing the voyage of the sun barque through the 12 hours of the night, represented by 12 deities with the faces of baboons. The eastern wall illustrates the transport of the royal sarcophagus, set inside a shrine mounted on a sledge, drawn by 12 characters, of whom two are dressed differently from the others, indicating a superior social standing. The south wall was painted last, and is a scene of Tutankhamen, accompanied by Anubis, in the presence of the goddess Hathor. The centre of the room is now occupied by the quartzite sarcophagus containing the outermost coffin. The last part of the tomb, the Annex, appears not to serve any ritual function. The contents of tomb are also an indication of the importance the Egyptians placed on the afterlife. It is not necessary to examine all the contents of the tomb, as this would be a painstakingly long and arduous task. To see the significance the Egyptians placed on the after-life, one need only examine a few of the articles found. One of the two life-sized statues which stood guard at the sealed door of the Burial Chamber, on the north side of the Antechamber. The two statues, almost identical except for their headgear, are made of wood, painted with black resin and overlaid with gold in parts. They depict the pharaoh, or rather the pharaohs ka, in a striding pose and holding a mace in one hand and a long staff in the other. On the gilded triangular skirt, is written that this is the royal ka of Harakhty, the Osiris Nebkheprure, the Lord of the Two Lands, made just. Two life-sized wooden statues intended to protect the eternal rest of the Pharaoh. Tutankhamens mask, made of solid gold, was placed directly upon the pharaohs mummy, and had the function of magically protecting him. This beautiful object weighs 10 kg and is decorated with semiprecious stones (turquoise, cornelian and lapis lazuli) and coloured glass paste. The pharaoh is portrayed in a classical manner, with a ceremonial beard, a broad collar formed of twelve concentric row consisting of inlays of turquoise, lapis lazuli, cornelian and amazonite. The traditional nemes headdress has yellow sripes of solid gold broken by bands of glass paste, coloured dark blue. On the forehead of the mask are a royal uraeus and a vultures head, symbols of the two tutelary deities of Lower and Upper Egypt: Wadjet and Nekhbet. A very fine shabti of Tutankhamen, portrayed holding the heqa-sceptre and the nekhakha-flail, and inscribed with a text from Chapter 6 of the Book of the Dead. This passa ge specifies the functions of these mummiform statuettes, made of wood, terracotta, faience or metal, and in some cases left in the tomb in their hundreds. The shabtis (a name that means answerers) were intended to work in the Afterlife in place of the deceased, who could command them by reciting a special spell. In the New Kingdom especially the shabtis were considered as chattels, not unlike slaves. In Tutankhamens tomb, a staggering total of 413 shabtis was found, arranged in 26 coffers placed in the Annex and in the Treasury, but only 29 of them were inscribed with the text of the formula from the Book of the Dead. With the canopic chest, as seen in fig 1, the theme of fours in Egyptian thought and ritual is the most conspicuously manifest. While the embalmed heart was returned to the chest of the deceased, the liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines were separately packaged, coffined, and stored. Each of these was then under the protection of one of the Sons of Horus, Imset (or A mset) for the liver, Hapi for the lungs, Duamutef for the stomach, and Kebekhsenuf for the intestines. Stone canopic chests typically have four chambers for the four coffins, closed with four stoppers, which themselves are either in the form of four human or of one human and three animal heads. With Tutankhamon we are fortunate to have the further equipment of the gilt shrine and sledge for the canopic chest, and the four guardian goddesses who watch over the whole, each identified by a symbolic device on her head: Isis watching over the liver from the southwest, her sister Nephthys watching over the lungs from the northwest, Neith, the ancient goddess of Sais, watching over the stomach from the southeast, and finally Serket, a scorpion goddess, watching over the intestines from the northeast. The figures of these goddesses are masterpieces of art, now available in endless reproductions. Tutankhamens royal Golden Throne was found in the Antechamber. The throne was made of wood cover ed with sheet gold, and adorned with semiprecious stones and coloured glass paste. His wife, Queen Ankhesenamun, whose head is adorned with two tall plumes and a sun disk, stands before the pharaoh, languidly seated on a throne; the queen places one hand on his shoulder while in her other she proffers a vase of scented unguents. The rays of the sun god Aten shine upon the royal couple and endow them with vital energy. The influence of Amarna art and religious conceptions can be clearly seen in the sensitivity and naturalism of this scene. There was also a wooden shrine covered with thick gold foil, set on a wooden sledge encased with silver leaf, found in the Antechamber of the tomb. Originally it must have contained a gold statuette of the pharaoh, stolen during one of the two episodes of tomb-robbery which took place in antiquity. The walls of the shrine are covered with scenes executed with exquisite craftsmanship depicting scenes of hunting and everyday life, featuring the phara oh and his wife, Ankhesenamun. A ivory headrest, depicting the god Shu, the god of air and breath, was found in the annex. It was there to ensure a supply of air for the sleeper (dead or alive). It was a symbol of resurrection, because it enabled the head to breath, by lifting it up from the prostrate position of death. There was also a pair of wooden sandals, overlaid with marquetry veneer of bark, green leather and gold foil stucco. The sole was decorated with figures of Asiatics and Negroes where the king could trample on them. These shoes, however are very uncomfortable to wear and it seems they were constructed for the king to wear in his next life. A number of lamps were found in the burial chamber, placed there for the King to use as he made his journey to the underworld. They were amazing works of art, decorated with detailed paintings of the king and queen. This was also the resting place of the three coffins, and of course, the mummy. The mummy itself is an excellent examp le of the Egyptians belief in the after-life. The concept of mummification was practiced because of the belief that after death the soul would return to the body and give it life and breath. Household equipment and food were placed in the tomb to provide for a persons needs in the afterworld. The ceremony opening of the mouth was carried out by priests on both the mummy and the mummy case in order to prepare the deceased for the journey to the afterworld. This was an elaborate ritual which involved purification, censing (burning incense), anointing and incantations, as well as touching the mummy with ritual objects to restore the senses. Inside the bandages that wrapped the mummy, lay a number of different objects the King was supplied with for use in his after-life. He was supplied with a gold dagger and sheath to protect him during his journey to the after-life, and 143 amulets and pieces of jewelry were scattered through the several layers of bandages that wrapped his corpse. In conclusion it is possible to say that Tutankhamens tomb gave the modern world an excellent insight into the Egyptians belief in the after-life. Both the tomb itself, and its contents, show how much importance the Egyptians placed on the doctrine of Eternal life, and how strong their belief was that their King would be resurrected as a god. Thus, the tomb of Tutankhamen and its contents show that the Egyptian concern for the after-life, was very strong, and that they went to great lengths to ensure that the eternal life of their kings. BibliographyWorks CitedGardiner, Sir Alan. ?Egypt of the Pharoahs.? Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1966Lehner, Mark. ?The Complete Pyramids, Solving the Ancient Mysteries.? Great Britain: 1977Thames and Hudson The Internet Chronology of the New Kingdom Tombs of the Valley of the Kings Model tomb in the American Museum of Natural History Manchester Metropolitan Universitys site on the Tomb of Menna Philosophy of History Philosophy of Religion ( Copyright (c) 1997 Kelley L. 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